An early shop in Hollow Knight: Silksong has an expensive Simple Key for sale with little info given. This guide will tell you what these are actually for.
Where to Get Simple Keys
One thing that isn't explained in the Simple Key description is that there is actually more than one. You can find multiple from different sources, with each key being consumed upon use.
Some are bought, while others are found. The locations of Simple Keys are:
Bone Bottom Vendor
Pebb in Bone Bottom has a Simple Key on sale for 500 Rosaries, a hefty price considering they're the first vendor you encounter in Silksong. It'll be available no matter how far you progress, so feel free to ignore this until later.
Sinner's Road Enemy

An enemy at the top of Sinner's Road carries a key, presumably intended to be used on the locked door in this area (more on this in a second.)
Songclave Vendor
Jubilana in Songclave will sell another key for an even more expensive 650 Rosaries. She's only available after you complete the Wish "The Wandering Merchant."
Sands of Karak

One more key can be found in Sands of Karak, an area accessed from the northwest side of Blasted Steps. You wont have access to this area until after you unlock the Clawline and double jump abilities.
The Simple Key is by the bench in this area, on the corpse of a bug.
Where to Use Them
Naturally, with multiple Simple Keys there are also multiple simple locks that you can use them on.
Deep Docks Door

On the right side of the Deep Docks you can find a locked door. On the other side, there's a sizeable extra section to this area of the map. If you enter this early on, you'll be able to get the Flintslate tool (temporarily increases weapon damage) and a Craftmetal (for making more tools.)
However, you wont be able to access the full area until you're able to use Clawline, an Ancestral Art you wont get until Act 2. This is still a decent key to use even without that ability, since the Flintslate should make some early bosses easier.
Sinner's Road Prison Cell

An early section of Sinner's Road (accessed via the top right section of Greymoor) features a locked up NPC. Revealing themself as the Blue Green Prince, they essentially tell you to leave them.
However, you can free them using a Simple Key. While they do decide to leave after you free them, they're not exactly thankful. However, you'll be able to meet them again later once you're on the way to the "true" ending, unlocking a new area in the east side of the map.
Wormways

The Wormways are accessed from the west side of the chasm above Bone Bottom. You can use a Simple Key to access another entrance to this area, though it doesn't seem necessary compared to the Deep Docks door.
High Halls

Another locked door is found in the High Halls section of the Citadel. The door is found to the left of the save point bench, before the main story objective.